Hybridomas & transgenics formulas

Hybridomas, stem cells, cloning and transgenic animals. 1 formula for GATE BT Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology, each with when to use it. Each is explained in the topic notes.

All 1 Hybridomas & transgenics formula

OFFSPRING OF A HETEROZYGOUS INTERCROSS (A = NULL ALLELE)

Aa \times Aa \to \frac{1}{4} AA : \frac{1}{2} Aa : \frac{1}{4} aa

For one autosomal locus with Mendelian segregation and equal viability of all genotypes. The fraction of homozygous null (knock-out) pups is 1/4. To be homozygous null at two unlinked loci the chance is 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16. If the null homozygote dies as an embryo, live pups are +/+ : +/- = 1 : 2, so 2/3 of them are heterozygous.

Where this was asked: 2019 (1), 2023 (1), 2026 (1). See the 3 previous-year questions on Hybridomas & transgenics. This shows what was asked, not what will be asked.

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Hybridomas & transgenics: the notes and 3 solved previous-year questions